Radiation therapy is the use of energy, often called ionizing radiation, to kill cancer cells and eliminate tumors. The radiation energy damages the genetic material inside the cells thereby inhibiting them from growing and dividing. Radiation therapy also damages normal cells which can trigger a variety of unwanted side effects. Because radiation is administered to the specific region containing the tumor, the side effects vary depending on the location of the treatment.
Skin Irritation
Initially the skin in the treatment area may become irritated, appearing red and swollen, sunburned or tanned or may form blisters. After several weeks the skin may become dry and flaky, feel itchy and eventually peel. This is likely to subside a few weeks after treatment has ended, however if the irritation persists or worsens, consult your doctor.
Be sure to take care of your skin throughout treatment to prevent further irritation. Use mild soap, avoid tight clothing, do not rub sensitive spots, avoid the use of skin products especially perfumed lotions or oils and always wear sunscreen.
Fatigue
Fatigue, a feeling of being physically, mentally or emotionally tired, is a common symptom for any cancer-related illness and often occurs within weeks of beginning radiation therapy. If there is a known cause, such as anemia, the cause can be treated. However, many times the specific cause is not known. It is important to discuss your level of fatigue with your team of doctors in order to effectively manage it. The fatigue typically subsides after your treatments end.
Diarrhea
Radiation therapy administered to the pelvis, stomach and abdomen area often causes diarrhea. The large and small intestines are very sensitive to radiation and the healthy cells are easily damaged.
To reduce the discomfort caused by diarrhea drink 8 to12 cups of clear liquid (preferably water) per day and avoid eating dairy products, spicy foods, caffeine, greasy foods and high fiber foods. Eating five to six small meals or snacks per day can also help relieve the intestinal irritation.
Mouth Changes
Radiation administered to the head and neck region can trigger a variety of changes in your mouth including dry mouth, mouth sores, tooth decay and loss of taste. The sores in your mouth, although painful, will usually go away when treatments end. However other changes such as your change in taste may remain for months and mouth dryness may never go away.
When undergoing radiation therapy be sure to keep your mouth and teeth clean and be sure to consult your doctor at the first sign of any changes. Consulting a dentist prior to beginning treatments can also help ensure your mouth is healthy before treatments begin.
Nausea and Vomiting
Nausea and vomiting commonly occur in patients receiving radiation therapy to the abdominal region or the brain. It occurs anywhere from 30 minutes to several hours after a treatment session. It is usually only present on days of treatment.
