The adrenals are two small crescent-shaped glands that sit atop the kidneys. The inner part of the glands, the medulla, produces epinephrine and norepinephrine, important hormones in the body's response to stress. The outer part of the glands, the cortex, secretes cortisol, another hormone involved in the stress response, and aldosterone, which regulates sodium and potassium levels in the blood. Several conditions can result from adrenal dysfunction.
Addison's Disease
Addison's disease results from damage to the adrenal gland that results in diminished levels of cortisol. Cortisol is known as the stress hormone, as it helps the body cope with stressful situations, both external stresses and illnesses. It does so by maintaining the function of the cardiovascular system by helping the immune system's response and modulating the breakdown of energy-rich products. Addison's disease patients can experience muscle weakness, anorexia and weight loss. They can also have nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and low blood pressure, which can worsen on when they stand up, resulting in dizziness and fainting. Patients with Addison's disease waste salts in their urine, so they crave salty foods. They can also have low blood sugar. The skin can have patches of darkened spots, the results of another hormone trying to overcome the cortisol deficiency.
Cushing's Syndrome
Cushing's syndrome results from overproduction or overexposure to cortisol. The symptoms of Cushing's disease include a round face with obesity of the trunk, fragile skin with stretch marks, easy bruising and increased fat around the neck, giving the patient the appearance of having a hump. Patient's with Cushing's syndrome have high blood pressure and develop high blood sugar levels, which can produce increased thirst and frequent urination, symptoms most commonly associated with diabetes. Women with Cushing's syndrome can have irregular periods and excessive hair growth.
Adrenal Fatigue
The adrenal glands can become fatigued or depleted due to constant stress and malnutrition. In the process, overproduction of cortisol can significantly weaken the immune system to the point of rendering the body vulnerable to infections. Adrenal fatigue also causes fatigue, depression and weakness.
