Bone marrow transplants are performed to treat cancers and anemia that damage blood cells, as well as to restore healthy bone marrow after chemotherapy and radiation. Bone marrow manufactures 95 percent of all blood cells and contains stem cells, which can make new blood cells. Bone marrow is removed from either a donor or from the patient and infused into the patient after chemotherapy or radiation. Bone marrow transplant has significant side effects.
Infection
The white blood cells in the body fight off infection. During the 2- to 4-week period it takes for the new bone marrow to make adequate blood cells, patients have little defense against infection. Bacterial, viral and fungal infections can all occur and be life-threatening, according to the Virginia Commonwealth University Cancer Center. Patients are kept in strict isolation to decrease the chance of infection during this time, and antibiotics, anti-viral and anti-fungal medications are given. Visitors are restricted, and fresh flowers, fruits and plants that may introduce fungi and bacteria into the room are not allowed.
Bleeding
Because chemotherapy and/or radiation destroy the platelets (cells that stop bleeding), severe bleeding can occur. Sites prone to bleeding are the brain, gastrointestinal tract and lungs, according to Medline Plus. Platelets are given via intravenous infusion to decrease the risk of bleeding.
Pain
Chemotherapy and radiation cause mucositis, an inflammation of the mucus membranes found in the mouth, throat, stomach and gastrointestinal tract. Mouth sores and ulcers can be very painful and make it hard for the patient to eat at a time when they need nutrition. Mouthwashes and lozenges help decrease the discomfort and decrease the chance of infection.
Weakness
Patients are weak after a bone marrow transplant because their blood counts are low. Low red blood count leads to anemia, which makes patients lethargic and causes them to be short of breath after just a little exertion. It can take 6 months or more before a patient is able to resume his normal activities, the Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center says. Blood transfusions may be necessary if red blood cells are too low.
Hypersensitivity Reaction
During the actual infusion, a patient may experience chills, fever, hives, chest pain, shortness of breath or a drop in blood pressure, according to Medline Plus. These are temporary effects that can be treated with analgesics and medications that reduce fever.
