The thyroid is a small gland in the neck that is shaped like a butterfly and is located above the collarbone. This gland is part of the endocrine system, which generates a number of hormones necessary for a variety of functions throughout the body. The most notable function of the thyroid is the regulation of metabolism, according to Medline Plus. Individuals with thyroid problems such as hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) or thyroid cancer may experience a number of side effects.
Weight Changes
Changes in body weight are a possible side effect of a thyroid disorder, says the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. In hyperthyroidism, the thyroid generates too much thyroid hormone, which can cause weight loss. In hypothyroidism, the thyroid does not produce enough, which may lead to weight gain.
Changes in Heartbeat
Changes in heartbeat are another potential side effect. Hyperthyroidism can cause an increase in heart rate, which may lead to heart palpitations or a racing or fluttering heartbeat. Hypothyroidism may cause the heart rate to decrease, according to the Better Health Channel.
Temperature Sensitivity
People with hyperthyroidism often become extremely sensitive to cold and may complain of being cold even in a warm environment. People with hypothyroidism are often abnormally sensitive to heat and may sweat excessively even in temperate or cooler surroundings.
Excretory Changes
A thyroid condition may lead to excretory changes. Hyperthyroidism may cause more frequent bowel movements or bouts of diarrhea, and hypothyroidism may cause constipation, according to the Department of Health and Human Services. In women, hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism may lead to less frequent menstrual periods or increased menstrual flow, respectively.
Skin Changes
People with an enlarged thyroid gland or thyroid cancer may develop redness or swelling of the neck. In some cases, the swelling causes pain or difficulty swallowing. In hypothyroidism, the skin can become pale and dry, or the face may appear puffy or bloated.
Mental Health Problems
A thyroid condition can affect mood or mental health. People with hyperthyroidism may become irritable, nervous, agitated or anxious, according to the Better Health Channel. Lethargy and depression are possible effects of hypothyroidism. A diagnosis of thyroid cancer may be traumatic and can lead to additional mental health problems.
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