Hydrochlorothiazide, commonly known as HCTZ, is a diuretic medication used to treat water-retaining illnesses like congestive heart failure, venous insufficiencies and high blood pressure. Although beneficial to those suffering from these illnesses, HCTZ has the potential to induce a range of side effects that can affect your heart, kidneys, gastrointestinal system, and fluid and electrolyte balance. These side effects will be tempered by the amount of HCTZ you are taking and any pre-existing health condition. Always inform your physician of any side effects you experience. According to the National Institute of Health, most of these side effects should dissipate if your physician stops the medication.
Thirst and Muscle Cramps
According to the National Institute of Health, one of the most common side effects of HCTZ, usually resulting from high doses, is a fluid and electrolyte imbalance. HCTZ works to quickly remove excess fluids from your system, and flushes out electrolytes like potassium and chloride in the process. Potassium and chloride are important electrolytes that are needed to maintain your body's muscle functions. The side effects of this imbalance include excessive thirst, muscle cramping and involuntary spasms.
Low Potassium
Your heart is a muscle. The mechanisms that regulate your heartbeat function on potassium. If the HCTZ is making you lose too much potassium, you may experience lightheadedness, dizziness and irregular heartbeats, which can result in weakness and lethargy. These side effects can indicate a life-threatening situation.
Constipation
HCTZ can adversely affect your stomach and bowels. When HCTZ removes the excess fluid from your system, it releases excess fluid from your colon, resulting in constipation. Conversely, some users have reported diarrhea, potentially from electrolyte imbalances, according to Drugs.com. This medication can also cause nausea and vomiting, but these are not common side effects.
Kidneys
The National Institute of Health advises that an uncommon side effect of HCTZ is renal failure or compromise. This side effect stems from a buildup of toxins in your blood, since your kidneys' main function is to filter and remove these toxins. These symptoms include confusion, headache, lethargy and a drastic decrease in urine output.
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