Lymphoma is a type of cancer that arises in lymphocytes, which are located in the lymph nodes and throughout the immune system. The term non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (also known as non-Hodgkin lymphoma or NHL) describes a group of many different types of lymphomas. In some lymphomas, symptoms may not be apparent until the disease is wide-spread. There is no screening for this cancer, but early diagnosis and treatment may be made if the symptoms are recognized.
Enlarged Lymph Nodes
Typically, one of the first symptoms of NHL is the enlargement of lymph nodes in the armpit, neck or groin, according to the Merck Manual. This swelling often happens rapidly and is painless. If lymph nodes in the chest are enlarged, symptoms such as coughing and difficulty breathing might appear. If lymph nodes deep in the abdomen are enlarged, they might cause symptoms such as loss of appetite, constipation or abdominal pain.
Blood Cell Counts
There are some types of NHL that enter the bloodstream and bone marrow, manifesting in a group of specific symptoms. There will be a decrease in the number of red and white blood cells and platelets, resulting in anemia, fatigue, frequent infections and increased bruising.
Childhood Symptoms
The Merck Manual describes symptoms of NHL in children as arising from the lymphoma's involvement with the bone marrow, skin, intestine and brain. Symptoms of NHL that children often display include anemia, rashes and weakness. If lymph nodes are enlarged, they are typically deep nodes and the swelling can lead to difficulty breathing, loss of appetite or vomiting, and fluid retention in the arms and legs, depending on the location of the swollen lymph nodes.
B Symptoms
There are other symptoms that arise from the spread of the lymphoma throughout the body, called B symptoms. Symptoms such as these are generally found in fast-growing lymphomas, according to the American Cancer Society. B symptoms can include night sweats that are drenching, fever, unexplained weight loss, and itchy skin.
SVC Syndrome
The superior vena cava (SVC) is a large vein that transports blood from the head and arms to the heart. If the lymph nodes in the chest that surround the SVC are enlarged, they may press on the vein. This causes blood to get backed up inside the vein, causing swelling in the head, arms and upper chest, which is sometimes accompanied by a bluish-red color. This is called SVC syndrome. SVC syndrome can also lead to loss of consciousness and trouble breathing. This syndrome can be fatal, and immediate treatment is needed if it occurs.
