The physical effects of HIV and AIDS intensify as the infection progresses. Many patients experience vague flu-like symptoms when they are first infected, but these symptoms resolve in a few days or weeks. The person may not experience additional symptoms for several months or years. HIV infection affects many organs of the body, including those within the immune, gastrointestinal, mucosal, respiratory and neurological systems.
Immune System
CD4 T-cells, which are essential for fighting infection, become infected and destroyed by the virus. Once the CD4 T-cell count becomes low enough, there is an increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections, which are harmless in healthy individuals. Examples of these kinds of infections include histoplasmosis, mycobacteria, pneumonia, toxoplasmosis and yeast. Frequent swelling of the lymph nodes and fever might be experienced, as well.
Gastrointestinal Tract
One of the most outwardly noticeable physical effects of HIV and AIDS is what's known as "wasting." Patients may have a poor appetite, which leads to rapid weight loss, and/or diarrhea, which can lead to dehydration. These symptoms make daily life difficult for the patient and lead to a sickly appearance. Some gastrointestinal symptoms can be side effects from HIV-medications and not the virus itself.
Mucus Membranes
HIV-infected patients might notice white, fuzzy patches on their tongue or inner mouth. This is usually diagnosed as oral yeast infection (thrush) or hairy oral leukoplakia. Canker sores are also common during HIV infection. Despite being unsightly and uncomfortable, these physical effects of HIV are rarely dangerous and easily treatable.
Respiratory System
The physical effects of HIV and AIDS on the respiratory system can be quite serious. The increased susceptibility to infections, including bacterial pneumonia or pneumocystis (carinii) jiroveci pneumonia (PCP), can lead to severe illness or death. Symptoms of these infections include coughing, shortness of breath and wheezing.
Skin
Rashes or red blotches might appear on the skin. While rashes are more an annoyance than a danger to the patient, other skin lesions can be a sign of a serious condition. Unfortunately, HIV-infected patients are more susceptible to rare skin cancers, such as Kaposi's sarcoma. Therefore, the appearance of skin lesions should be taken very seriously.
Neurological System
HIV patients often report burning, numbness or tingling sensations on the face or extremities. Others may experience confusion or difficulty concentrating. Aside from the physical symptoms, depression is quite common in HIV and AIDS patients.
