Polycystic Kidney Disease, or PKD, is a genetic disorder that comes in various forms depending on the genes affected. Most cases affect adults with symptoms beginning in the third or fourth decade of life. The underlying problem is the development of cysts, or fluid filled sacs, in the kidneys. These cysts resemble water balloons and may also form in the liver, spleen and pancreas. Symptoms tend to begin as the cysts reach a size or number that impairs kidney function.
Early Symptoms
The initial symptoms of PKD, as related by the National Kidney Foundation, include high blood pressure, abdominal discomfort, blood in the urine and frequent infections of the urinary tract. Blood pressure is normally tightly regulated by the kidneys and can elevate when they are not functioning optimally.
Pain in the flank, back or sides of the abdomen develops from enlargement of the kidneys. Kidney stones, which are more common in those with abnormal organs, may also be a source of pain. Cysts on the liver or spleen may also cause abdominal or back pain. This organ expansion can also lead to a bloated or heavy feeling.
Blood may appear in the urine from a cyst that ruptures, or from local kidney damage. Infections of the bladder may ascend to the kidneys in anyone, but are more common in those with PKD. The bacteria can invade the bladder, kidneys or the kidney cysts, according to the Polycystic Kidney Disease Foundation. These infections may cause additional pain as well as burning upon urination.
Late Symptoms
As the cysts grow, the symptoms may worsen. In addition, other organs can be affected. The National Kidney Foundation notes that around 25 percent of PKD patients have abnormal heart valves. This may lead to palpitations or chest pain. Aneurysms, outpouchings of the walls of blood vessels, are more common in those with PKD, as discussed on the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases website. These aneurysms are typically in the brain and may rupture, causing a stroke. High blood pressure also increases a person's risk of stroke. Small pockets may also form in the colon, a condition termed diverticulosis. These pouches may become infected, causing abdominal pain and fever.
Advanced Disease
The National Kidney Foundation notes that about half of those with Polycystic Kidney Disease will develop kidney failure by age 60. This will lead to symptoms such as fatigue, weakness and a generalized ill feeling. Kidney failure frequently leads to anemia which can contribute to a lack of strength and vigor. Fluid retention and abnormalities of sodium and potassium in the blood may result. These electrolyte changes could lead to muscle spasm or muscular weakness.
