Tissue Samples
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections can be suspected after a Pap smear (in women) and confirmed using a special DNA test. Both tests need cell samples that can be obtained simultaneously. For women, cell samples for a Pap smear and a HPV test can be obtained during a pelvic exam. Lab Tests Online explains that the gynecologist will get cells from the cervix (which is an organ deep inside the vagina) using a wooden spatula or swab. For an HPV DNA test, the swab will need to be put in a special preservative solution. Men do not receive Pap smears and do not have a cervix, so their HPV test requires cells swabbed out of the anus.
Pap Smear
Often the first sign that a woman has been infected with HPV comes from the results of a Pap smear. HPV often infects cells in the cervix. When it does so, it can alter the DNA within the cells. These genetic alterations cause the cells to grow and divide differently, which can cause the cells to look abnormal. Pap smears are done by taking cervical cells and putting them on a glass slide to be examined under a microscope. A pathologist then examines at the cells and looks for any abnormalities that signal that HPV is causing cellular changes.
DNA Test
According to the American Cancer Society, the DNA test for HPV is not generally done for women under the age of 30 years because HPV infections are so common. The test can be done, however, for women over age 30 years along with their Pap smear, or it may be recommended for women who have abnormal cells on their Pap smear.
For an HPV DNA test, cells from the cervix (or the anus) are taken and broken down so their DNA can be analyzed. Lab technicians then sequence the DNA that is present and look for stretches of DNA that are unique to the HPV. Technicians can also identify the strain of HPV that an infected patient has, which is important because only some strains of HPV cause a significant increase in cancer risk.
