The thyroid is a gland that is located in the neck. The hormones that the thyroid makes and secretes control how much energy cells throughout the body use. Sometimes the immune system inadvertently attacks the thyroid gland, causing autoimmune thyroid disorders which can disrupt the gland's function in a number of ways.
Goiter
As KidsHealth explains, many autoimmune disorders that affect the thyroid can cause the thyroid to become enlarged. This is the result of the immune system making antibodies that attack the thyroid tissue, causing the thyroid to swell and expand. In some cases this can lead to small nodules or bumps to appear on the surface of the thyroid, which can be felt by palpating the thyroid through the thin skin on the throat. In some cases these autoimmune disorders can cause the thyroid to become abnormally enlarged, leading to a goiter (which causes a large lump to appear on the front of the throat).
Hypothyroidism
As the Mayo Clinic notes, some autoimmune thyroid disorders, such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, cause decreased production and secretion of the thyroid hormones (hypothyroidism). Hypothyroidism causes the body's metabolism to slow down. Symptoms of hypothyroidism include chronic fatigue and tiredness, as well as unexplained weight gain and sensitivity to cold. Patients may also be constipated, develop a puffy face, and have dry and rough skin. Many patients with autoimmune hypothyroid problems also have muscle pain and weakness coupled with stiff joints. They are also prone to developing depression and hoarseness.
Hyperthyroidism
Other autoimmune thyroid problems cause an increase in the release of thyroid hormone. These disorders, such as Graves' disease, lead to hyperthyroidism, which speeds up the body's metabolism. Patients with hyperthyroidism may feel constantly jittery and anxious and may suffer from diarrhea and unexplained weight loss. They are also sensitive to heat and may have difficulty sleeping. Many patients experience tremors in their hands and develop brittle hair. They can also develop a rapid and irregular heartbeat and have increased perspiration. One complication of autoimmune hyperthyroidism is an eye condition known as Graves' ophthalmopathy. Patients with this complication have eyes that bulge slightly from the sockets, leading to eye irritation and light sensitivity.
