Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) is a life-threatening condition characterized by the rapid onset of fever, organ dysfunction and impaired blood flow. TSS is caused by a toxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, while a similar condition called toxic shock-like syndrome (TSLS) is caused by toxins of group A streptococcus bacteria. Women who use tampons or barrier contraceptives or who have recently been through childbirth may be at risk. Other potential causes affecting men, women and children include bacterial infection or recent surgery.
Tampons
While tampon use--particularly use of superabsorbent tampons--was once one of the most widely publicized causes of toxic shock syndrome, current estimates indicate that approximately 50 percent of all cases are associated with tampon use, according to the National Institutes of Health. Although it is not entirely clear how tampons cause TSS, it is believed that tampons left in place for extended periods of time may promote the growth of bacteria. Alternatively, it is hypothesized that tampon fibers can scratch the layers of tissue in the vagina, making it easier for bacterial toxins to enter the bloodstream, according to the Mayo Clinic.
Bacterial Infections
According to Medical News Today, 20 to 30 percent of all people carry the staphylococcus aureus bacteria on their skin and nose, usually with no adverse effects. However, if the bacteria and their toxins enter the bloodstream through the throat, wounds or burns on the skin, the vagina or other open sores, they can quickly interfere with blood pressure regulation and organ and muscle function.
Anyone with another type of infection caused by the staphylococcus aureus or streptococcus bacteria may develop toxic shock syndrome or toxic shock-like syndrome. For example, pneumonia, bacterial blood infections, such as septicemia and a type of bone infection known as osteomyelitis, may all theoretically cause toxic shock syndrome, according to the Nemours Foundation's Center for Children's Health Media.
Additionally, skin wounds, abcesses or surgery may increase the risk of infection as they can provide fertile breeding grounds for bacteria. TSS often develops after streptococcus bacteria have infected the skin through cuts and scrapes, surgical incision wounds or blisters caused by chickenpox. It is rare for TSS to be caused by strep throat, however.
Other Causes
According to the National Institutes of Health, menstruation, childbirth and the use of barrier contraceptives like the sponge or diaphragm can cause toxic shock syndrome among women. Additionally, foreign bodies or packings used in surgery or, for example, to stop nosebleeds can also increase the risk of TSS.
