Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic available as an injection. It is used for the treatment of serious infections when microorganisms have developed resistance to other antibiotics. In some cases, chloramphenicol will have the advantage of penetrating the site of infection better than other antibiotics. This antibiotic works by binding to the bacteria, preventing it from producing important proteins. This will lead to the eventual death of the bacteria. Chloramphenicol produces many side effects and by knowing what they are, you will know what to expect
Bone Marrow Suppression
Bone marrow suppression may occur with the administration of chloramphenicol and appears to be dose related. It presents when the concentration in the body is above 25 mcg/mL and is reversible when the medication is stopped. Aplastic anemia is a condition in which the bone marrow does not produce enough blood cells. The cause is unknown and usually occurs three weeks to 12 months after being administered chloramphenicol.
Gray Syndrome
Chloramphenicol may cause gray syndrome. Gray syndrome is characterized by vomiting, blue discoloration of lips and skin, hypothermia, heart failure and grayish color of the skin. It can lead to coma and death. Gray syndrome occurs in newborns due the accumulation of the drug in the body. Because newborns do not have fully developed livers, the drug cannot be eliminated efficiently and reaches toxic levels. It may also result from drug accumulation in individuals with impaired hepatic or renal function. In these individuals, it is important that drug levels do not exceed 50mcg/mL.
Digestive Problems
Nausea and vomiting may be present with chloramphenicol. Chewing gum or sucking on lozenges may help. Diarrhea may also occur so it is important to eat small, frequent meals. Inflammation of the colon and small intestine, known as enterocolitis, and inflammation of the inside of the mouth are also common. The frequency of these side effects is not defined, reports the "Drug Information Handbook."
Skin Reactions
Skin reactions are common with the use of chloramphenicol. A rash may appear or hives may develop. If these worsen, it can be a sign of an allergic reaction and must be examined by a professional. Angioedema, described as swelling of the lips, tongue, and throat, may also occur. The reaction is a life-threatening emergency and requires immediate medical help.
Other Side Effects
Other side effects present in chloramphenicol users include confusion and delirium. Headache and fever may also occur in many individuals, although the percentage has not been defined. People report feelings of sadness and depression, as well. In prolonged use of the drug, the optic nerve may become inflamed.
References
- "Drug Information Handbook 15th Edition;" Charles F. Lacy, RPh, PharmD, FCSHP, Lora L. Armstrong, RPh, PharmD, BCPS. et al; 2007
- Merck: Chloramphenicol
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