Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed non-skin cancer among men in the United States, and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in men. Most cancers of the prostate are first diagnosed when the cancer is confined to the prostate gland, referred to as "early stage" disease. Following a diagnosis with prostate cancer, the overall 5-year survival rate is estimated to be nearly 100 percent. However, prostate cancer that has moved or "metastasized" upon detection, referred to as "late stage" disease, is difficult to treat and is associated with poorer survival.
Signs and Symptoms
Unfortunately, when this disease is in its earliest stages, it is often asymptomatic. Even advanced or late stage prostate cancer can be without signs or symptoms. The most common signs of prostate cancer in men include:
• blood in semen or urine
• difficulty controlling urine flow
• pain upon urination
• pain upon ejaculation
• difficulty achieving an erection
• swelling in legs
• frequent pain in lower back, hips or upper thighs
• pelvic pain
In more advanced cancer, symptoms might also include bone pain, especially in the back and pelvis.
Alternative Explanations for Symptoms
Some of these symptoms may occur in the absence of prostate cancer. For instance, the aging process, infection or inflammation of the prostate gland ("prostatitis"), and "benign prostatic hyperplasia" (BPH), a condition that is characterized by enlargement of the prostate gland, can all cause many of the same symptoms as prostate cancer.
Once Symptoms Occur
Consult a physician if you are experiencing signs or symptoms that are characteristic of prostate cancer. Factors such as advanced age, Black race and family history of prostate cancer--especially in a father, grandfather or brother--increase the risk that a man will develop prostate cancer.
Thus, these factors influence recommendations for early screening for this disease. However, not all experts agree about the benefit of early detection of prostate cancer. Prostate cancer is known to grow slowly and some experts believe that early detection may not improve survival. Consultation with a physician can help in the decision-making process regarding the best course of action, tailored to each man who may be facing a diagnosis with this disease.
