Nails are constantly painted with nail polish to make them more attractive to the naked eye. However, nails that change color can also be the result of a more serious underlying ailment. Causes of nail discoloration have specific treatments.
Nail Fungus
Nail fungus refers to a fungal infection that typically begins as a red or yellow spot on the edge of the fingernail, says the Mayo Clinic. Over time, the fungus can spread into the nail and lead to such signs as thickened nails, brittle or ragged nails, a distorted nail shape and a darkened nail color. Other signs of a nail fungus include a nail that is dull and lacks shine and a nail that's dark in color. This condition is due to a set of fungi called dermatophytes.
Specific treatment for nail fungus involves applying over-the-counter creams or ointments to the affected nail. Taking such prescription medications as terbinafine or itraconazole can also help destroy the fungus. Other treatment options involve using an antifungal lacquer or having surgery to remove the infected nail.
Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a serious skin infection that can also affect the nails. Specific symptoms of psoriasis include nail thickening, yellow or brown spots on the nails, pits on the nail's surface and joint pain. Psoriasis also causes scaly silver patches on the skin, skin redness and dandruff.
Psoriasis is an autoimmune disorder in which the body attacks the skin. Sunlight, drinking too much alcohol, stress, dry skin, bacterial infections and burns can trigger psoriasis, MedlinePlus says.
Treatment for psoriasis involves applying topical medications, ointments or creams containing cortisone or coal tar. Phototherapy, moisturizers and medications such as adalimunab, stelara or etanercept are other treatment options for psoriasis.
Ingrown Toenail
An ingrown toenail can also lead to nail discoloration. The American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS) says an ingrown toenail refers to a hard, swollen and tender nail that grows abnormally. It may be red and very painful.
An ingrown toenail may occur because the nail is too small for a large toe. Sometimes, trauma and wearing tight shoes can lead to an ingrown toenail.
Conservative treatment involves soaking the foot three to four times daily or keeping the foot dry, says the AAOS. Also, wearing properly fitting shoes and taking over-the-counter medications such as acetaminophen may help decrease pain. Sometimes, surgery may be necessary to remove part or all of the nail.
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