In many cases, over-the-counter and prescription drugs fail to fully eliminate symptoms of arthritis. Because of this, many arthritis sufferers turn to complementary and alternative medicine techniques, including nutritional supplements, to find relief from pain, stiffness and inflammation. In a comprehensive research report, the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) notes that dietary supplements containing essential fatty acids (EFA) are popular treatments among people suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. While scientific evidence supports the use of EFA supplements for some forms of arthritis, some uses have not been definitively proven.
Types of Essential Fatty Acids
The U.S. National Institutes of Health notes that good scientific evidence supports the use of two essential fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), as treatment options for rheumatoid arthritis. These omega-3 fatty acids, found primarily in fish oil and seafood, are also used to treat osteoarthritis and gout. Alpha-linolenic acid, a plant-based omega-3 fat, also demonstrates some promise as a treatment for arthritis symptoms. NCCAM additionally states that the omega-6 fatty acid gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) may help to reduce symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. However, NCCAM notes that most clinical trials involving GLA have been poorly designed; more research is needed to provide a definitive conclusion.
Effects
Essential fatty acids can reduce symptoms of arthritis by triggering an anti-inflammatory response within the body. NCCAM states that DHA, EPA, GLA and ALA all work by prompting the body to produce anti-inflammatory compounds. Some supplement manufacturers also state that these oils lubricate joint tissue, but studies have not specifically noted this effect. According to the National Institutes of Health, several studies have demonstrated that essential fatty acids work in synergy with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) drugs like aspirin and ibuprofen. To maximize the effectiveness of arthritis treatment, some practitioners recommend using essential fatty acids alongside other treatment methods.
Time Frame
According to the National Institutes of Health, most studies investigating EFA treatment for arthritis have taken place over the course of three months or less. While some arthritis sufferers report near-immediate pain relief after taking essential fatty acid supplements, the full benefits of the products may not occur until after several days or weeks of continuous treatment. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration considers moderate doses of fish oil to be safe for long-term use. However, anyone interested in taking above-normal doses of the product should consult a qualified practitioner.
Considerations
Essential fatty acid supplements are not appropriate for everyone suffering from arthritis. Because most DHA and EPA supplements are derived from fish oil, vegetarians generally choose to avoid them. While alpha-linolenic acid--most commonly sold in the form of flaxseed oil--offers benefits similar to DHA and EPA, larger doses are usually needed to produce a therapeutic effect. Other considerations, including cost, contraindications and tolerability, may also affect a person's decision to take essential fatty acid supplements.
Warning
Supplements containing essential fatty acids are associated with several common but mild side effects, including nausea, reflux, aftertaste and abdominal pain. These generally self-resolve with continued use of the supplements. However, in rare cases, EFA supplements can cause severe or life-threatening reactions. The National Institutes of Health warns that fish oil can cause hemorrhage if it is taken in extremely large doses or combined with blood-thinning medications like warfarin. According to NCCAM, this risk is also present among users of evening primrose oil and borage oil, two popular sources of GLA.
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