Pinched spinal nerves may occur at any level in the spinal column, from the neck to the buttocks. The symptoms of a pinched spinal nerve vary depending on how much of the nerve is affected and where the pinched nerve is located. A pinched spinal nerve in the neck might cause arm weakness, while one in the lower back might cause sciatic pain. In some cases, the symptoms may be reversed once the nerve is released. However, some pinched spinal nerves can cause permanent damage.
Disk Problems
Intervertebral disks are tiny cushions that sit between the vertebrae, or bones of the spine. Over time or after an injury, these disks begin to show wear and tear, sometimes causing them to become unstable. A bulging or herniated intervertebral disk can press into the space around the spinal cord, crowding the nerve roots as they leave the spinal cord. The pinched nerve symptoms (tingling, weakness, shooting pain) may become better or worse as the spine moves, as the damaged disk either increases or decreases the pressure.
Bone Spurs
Some joint disorders, such as arthritis and osteoporosis, can cause bony growths to form on the vertebral bones. These spurs may form inside the spinal canal, or in the holes through which the spinal nerves pass into the body. If they form in the right place, they can place pressure on, or "pinch," the spinal nerves, causing nerve pain symptoms. Some types of bone spurs may be removed through surgical procedures in order to relieve symptoms; however, it is possible for them to grow back.
Joint Overuse
Repetitive strain is another common cause of pinched nerves. Overuse of a joint, or repetitive strain, can lead to swelling in and around that joint. If the swelling is severe enough, or if it lasts long enough, it can place pressure on the nerves. This is common in the peripheral areas of the body (such as carpal tunnel syndrome in the wrist), but it can also occur in and around the spine. For example, the Mayo Clinic reports that over time, poor postural habits (such as hunching forward) can cause pinched spinal nerves.
Bone or Ligament Damage
Bones and ligaments can cause pinched spinal nerves as well. The bones and ligaments of the spine can become damaged through trauma or injury. This can result in fractures, bone chips, and torn or stretched ligaments. The pressure from bone fragments or the swelling associated with damaged ligaments can increase pressure on the nerve roots as they exit the spinal cord or column, resulting in a pinched spinal nerve. Pinched nerve symptoms may subside once the damage is repaired and healing takes place.
Disease
It is possible for some diseases to cause abscesses and tumors. When these growths develop in the spinal cavity or in the area surrounding the spine, they can increase the pressure on spinal nerves. This type of pinched spinal nerve tends to have symptoms that increase gradually, unlike more traumatic causes. Symptoms may disappear once a growth is removed.
