The spinal cord may become compressed if it is damaged, such as after trauma, or through the disease process. Merck reports that the spine may become compressed over time (such as with cancer), or suddenly (such as after an accident). In some cases, relieving the source of pressure may also relieve spinal cord compression symptoms; however, for some people the damage may be permanent.
Bone Damage
The Merck Manuals Online Medical Library lists bone damage among the common causes of spinal cord compression. Bone damage includes the growth of abnormal bony prominences, called bone spurs, which may be caused by arthritis or other bone and joint disorders. Bone spurs that protrude into the spinal column may place pressure on the spinal cord, if they become large enough. A traumatic injury can also cause spinal cord compression, as vertebral fractures or bone chips can also place pressure on the spinal cord. Additionally, seniors with osteoporosis are prone to vertebral cone fractures, and may experience spinal cord compression as a result. Surgery to repair bone damage around the spinal cord may relieve some or all spinal cord compression symptoms.
Excess Fluid
When fluid accumulates in the spinal column, and has nowhere else to go, it can place pressure on the spinal cord. This can occur after a trauma, as fluid rushes to the area as part of the healing process. Fluid accumulation can also be caused by bleeding disorders or the use of blood thinners, according to Merck. Spinal cord compression can also be caused by an accumulation of blood, which is called a hematoma. Spinal cord compression caused by fluids may occur suddenly; however, in most cases symptoms have a gradual onset.
Tumors and Growths
Tumors, both malignant and benign, can form within the spinal canal. According to Merck, however, most cases of spinal tumors are caused by metastasis, which is the spread of cancerous tumors from other parts of the body. As the tumors grow, they can place increased pressure on the spinal cord, compressing it slowly. Because of this, symptoms often appear gradually. Abscesses, or compartments filled with pus, may also develop in the spinal canal. Tumors and abscesses can be removed from the area around the spinal cord through surgical procedures; however, some symptoms of spinal cord compression may still remain.
Disk Problems
Intervertebral disks are like little cushions that sit between the vertebrae, designed to act as tiny shock absorbers. However, over time they tend to deteriorate. These disks can also be damaged by excessive forces, such as trauma or sudden twisting of the spine. Damaged disks (also called herniated or bulging disks) can protrude into the area around the spinal cord, causing spinal cord compression. Depending on the reason for disk damage, spinal cord compression symptoms may appear suddenly or gradually. Surgery may relieve some symptoms.
