Coronary heart disease, also known as coronary artery disease (CAD), is a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries. Plaque is composed of cholesterol, fat, calcium and other substances in the blood. If the plaque ruptures, it can form a blood clot, which leads to a heart attack. Several risk factors contribute to increased risk for CAD.
Age and Gender
Age is a contributing factor to CAD. As a person ages, the risk for developing heart disease and suffering a heart attack increases. According to the American Heart Association, more than 83% of people who die from CAD are older than 65. Older females are at greater risk of dying from heart disease than older men. However, men are at greater risk of developing CAD and suffering a heart attack over a lifetime, especially at younger ages.
Family History and Race
A parental history of heart disease signifies an increased risk to offspring. Often, a strong family history is due to the presence of more than one risk factor for the disease. The American Heart Association states that CAD risk is higher among African Americans, Mexican Americans, American Indians, native Hawaiians and some Asian Americans. This is due to increased rates of diabetes and obesity.
Overweight and Obesity
Those who are overweight or obese are more likely to develop heart disease. his is true even if no other risk factors exist. Excess body fat around the waist is especially dangerous. Being overweight results in elevated blood pressure, high cholesterol and triglycerides; reduces healthy HDL cholesterol; and increases stress on the heart. Reducing weight by just 10% can greatly lower the risk of CAD.
Smoking
According to the Cleveland Clinic, smoking is a major cause of plaque buildup. The risk of developing heart disease increases significantly with the amount of cigarettes a person smokes. The American Heart Association states that cigarette smoking is the most important preventable cause of premature death in the United States.
Inactivity
Physical activity aids in preventing heart disease and helps with blood pressure control. Being active for 30 minutes most days will help to maintain a healthy weight, lower stress and increase cardiovascular health.
High Cholesterol
Elevated cholesterol is a major risk for CAD. Cholesterol levels are affected by gender, family history, age and nutrition. Furthermore, if other contributing factors such as high blood pressure, obesity and smoking are present, heart disease risk increases.
High Blood Pressure
As blood pressure rises, the force exerted on blood vessel walls increases. This results in weakening of the vessel walls. Cardiovascular risks include plaque buildup and increased risk of blood clots. This raises the chance of developing heart disease and consequently suffering a heart attack or stroke.
Diabetes
Diabetes is a major risk factor for heart disease. Even when blood sugar levels are under control, diabetes remains a risk factor for CAD. According to the American Heart Association, 75% of those suffering from diabetes die from heart disease. It is important to closely monitor blood sugar levels to manage the risk of developing CAD.
