Approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the 1970s, lithium was the first mood stabilizer for mania, according to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Lithium is effective in treating the manic symptoms of bipolar disorder, which are characterized by an elevated mood; when combined with another medication lithium also treats the depressive symptoms. Like other medications, lithium has side effects. Some go away once the body has adjusted to the medication, while others need medical attention.
Gastrointestinal Side Effects
When a bipolar disorder patient starts using lithium, she may have some gastrointestinal side effects. For example, the patient can experience stomach pain and nausea. Diarrhea and increased urination can also occur; despite this, the patient can also have weight gain.
Cognitive Side Effects
The patient may notice some changes in cognitive function when starting lithium. For example, the patient can have some memory lapses, or have difficulty remembering new information. The patient may also have problems focusing. If these side effects continue to affect the patient, his doctor may change the dose or medication.
Thyroid Problems
The NIMH warns that lithium can cause low thyroid function in some users. However, thyroid function can also be affected by bipolar disorder. A patient who has rapid cycling bipolar disorder, where the mood swings from mania to depression occur four or more times year, can have hypothyroidism. Thyroid medication may be needed to regulate thyroid function.
Toxic Lithium Levels
HelpGuide.org notes that another serious side effect of lithium use is a toxic lithium level, which is caused by too much lithium intake. Changes in weight or sodium, dehydration, menstrual cycle, and use of diuretics, ibuprofen and aspirin can also affect lithium levels. Regular blood tests are recommended, especially when the patient starts using lithium, to ensure the dosage is not too high.
Other Side Effects
A bipolar disorder patient using lithium may experience drowsiness and fatigue, as well as weakness. Tremors may occur, which are uncontrolled shaking and movements. The patient may also have excessive thirst when first starting the medication.
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