The rare illness known as botulism is caused by a neurotoxin produced by the spores of the bacteria, Clostriduim botulinum. This toxin may be ingested in contaminated food, or may be introduced into the body by growth of the bacteria in a deep, or puncture wound. In infants, the toxin can form within the intestines after consuming the botulinum spores in food.
Symptoms of Food Borne Botulism
The effects of Clostridium botulinum toxin are due to inhibition of the action of acetylcholine on nerves and muscles, resulting in generalized paralysis, according to The National Center for Biotechnology information. The earliest symptoms are usually nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps and diarrhea. Onset is generally between 18 and 36 hours after exposure to the toxin. Neurological symptoms include double vision, blurred vision, dry mouth, difficulty speaking and swallowing, and muscle weakness in the arms and legs. Paralysis begins at the top of the body and spreads downward in a symmetrical fashion. Breathing becomes difficult as the diaphragm and muscles of respiration are affected. The disease can be fatal.
Symptoms of Wound Botulism
Clostridium botulinum organisms require an oxygen-free environment for growth. A deep laceration or puncture wound can introduce the Clostridium botulinum bacteria into the body where the toxin can then be produced. From the contaminated wound, the toxin spreads to other areas of the body producing paralytic symptoms similar to the food borne type. Incubation time is from a few days to two weeks. Fever may be present due to wound infection. Gastrointestinal symptoms are absent.
Symptoms of Infant Botulism
Infant botulism affects those younger than 12 months old. The illness can occur when spores from the Clostridium botulinum bacteria are ingested. Botulinum spores then germinate and grow, producing toxin in the intestine of the infant. Constipation is one of the earliest signs of infant botulism, sometimes preceding other symptoms by as much as two weeks, according to Merck Manuals Medical Library. Paralysis descends from the head down, and is symmetrical. Lethargy and sleepiness ensue. The infant drools, has dry mucous membranes, and exhibits a weak suck when nursing. The baby may have a weak cry, and develops a floppy head. In serious cases, generalized paralysis and inability to breathe follow. Infant botulism may be fatal. The U. S. Food And Drug Administration reports that honey is the food most often associated with infant botulism.
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