Protection
The first step to treating frostbite is to protect the affected areas from further damage. Since frostbite is essentially localized hypothermia, it is caused by exposing parts of the skin to extreme cold and/or wind. As the Mayo Clinic explains, you should start by covering the frostbitten areas. If you are outside and your hands are frostbitten, put them inside gloves (if you have them) and tuck them into your armpits. If your nose or ears are frostbitten, cover them with dry and gloved hands. Get inside as soon as possible and discard any wet clothing. Do not rub frostbitten parts of your skin or put snow on them, as this will only increase the damage.
Gradual Warming
Once you are out of the cold, gradually warm the frostbitten areas. Gradual warming is important for two reasons: the skin may be numb so intense heat may burn it before you realize what is happening, and gradual warming of the hands can also help reduce tissue damage. Skinsight recommends immersing frostbitten hands and feet in warm water (between 100 and 105 degrees F). Parts of the body that cannot be immersed in warm water should have a warm (not hot) compress placed on them (which can be made by soaking a cloth or rag in warm water). Rewarming should occur for 30 minutes or until the affected skin becomes pink and warm.
Further Protection and Attention
If possible, cover the affected area with a clean and sterile dressing (like a bandage or gauze) to help protect and cushion the injured skin. Make sure that you don't let previously injured areas freeze again, as this will only cause additional damage to the already weakened tissue. It is also important to get additional medical attention, especially if sensation does not return to the hands or if the skin develops a lingering white and waxy feel, as this can be a sign of significant tissue damage.
