The vertebral column is made of 33 individual weight-bearing bones called vertebrae, soft cushions between these vertebrae called discs, and ligaments that hold the structure in place. In addition, there are a multitude of muscles that attach to the spine that aid in mobility and maintain posture. The spinal column houses and protects the spinal cord and the sensitive spinal nerves. The spine is designed to move in a variety of ways and this movement is critical to spinal health. At each level of the spine, the joints are designed in very specific ways to allow for particular movements, important for body function. Several factors can influence spinal column flexibility.
Posture
Over time, poor posture can lead to adaptation by the spinal column that may cause a loss in the range of motion. The spine is designed to have certain curves in it and postural decline will often lead to either a loss of these curves or an exaggeration of them. One of the most common problems with a spinal curve is called cervical kyphosis, which means that the normal curve in the neck has not only been lost, but has actually reversed. This puts tremendous stress on the joints of the spine and will cause a great decrease in flexibility.
Muscle Strain
Muscles can be strained in an injury or over time with postural problems. Chronically strained muscles will become short, weak and inflexible, causing a general loss of the range of motion in the spine. Dedicated stretching of these muscles can help restore some of the flexibility, but will likely need strengthening exercises to restore proper function.
Scoliosis
Scoliosis is the development of a lateral or sideways curve in the spine. These types of curves are not normal and cause joints to be stressed and the spine to not function normally. This will almost always result in a loss of flexibility.
Degenerative Joint Disease
Degenerative joint disease (DJD) is a wear-and-tear breakdown of the spinal joints. It can cause the destruction of the vertebrae and develop bony outgrowths called osteophytes or bone spurs. These bone spurs may interfere directly with motion or may cause pain with movement. As the joints break down, flexibility and proper motion are lost. The intervertebral discs, which play a big part in motion, can also be affected .
Ankylosing Spondylosis
According to SpineUniverse.com, ankylosing spondylosis is an inflammatory condition that causes ossification of the spinal joints. It usually begins in the pelvis and progresses to the joints of the spine. New bone growth can actually fuse these joints.
