Metformin, the generic of Glucophage, is a prescription medication used for the treatment of type II diabetes when high glucose (sugar) levels are not controlled by diet alone. Metformin acts by decreasing the amount of glucose produced by the liver. It also decreases the amount of glucose the intestines absorb. Furthermore, metformin increases the body's sensitivity to insulin causing the body to utilize it more efficiently and lowering blood sugar levels. Like all medications, metformin can cause side effects.
Diarrhea and Vomiting
Metformin may cause many gastrointestinal side effects, and diarrhea is one of the most common, occurring in up 53 percent of individuals. This can be accompanied by abdominal pain and flatulence. Drinking plenty of fluids and eating small meals may help. If diarrhea persists, contact a health care provider. Nausea and vomiting are also common with the administration of metformin. The "Drug Information Handbook" reports that about 6 to 25 percent of people experience these adverse effects. About 10 percent of people experience abnormal or metallic taste in the mouth. Chewing gum or sucking on lozenges may help with these side effects. Remember to take metformin with food and eat small meals as well. If these symptoms become severe, seek medical help.
Weakness and Dizziness
Metformin may cause weakness in up to 9 percent of individuals. Dizziness or lightheadedness is also seen with this medication. Drive with caution and avoid any activity that requires alertness. Use caution when climbing stairs until you know how the drug will affect you. Headache is seen with metformin and can occur in up 6 percent of people. Always consult your physician if you have any concerns or worsening of these symptoms.
Hypoglycemia
Metformin has the potential to lower the blood sugar below normal levels causing hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar level. Some warning signs and symptoms of low blood sugar include dizziness, weakness, shaking, nervousness and sweating. In a situation in which you feel some or all these symptoms, you must raise the blood sugar immediately to avoid complications such as coma. Make sure you always carry hard candy to raise the blood sugar to a normal level. A class of high blood pressure medications called beta-blockers may mask the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia. Inform your physician of your past medical history and all the medications you use.
Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Metformin may cause a deficiency in vitamin B12. It has the ability to block the absorption of vitamin B12 in the body in about 7 percent of individuals, according to the "Drug Information Handbook." The only way to check for a deficiency is through a blood test. Therefore, keep all appointments with you doctor to ensure you are monitored properly and given supplements as needed.
References
- "Drug Information Handbook 15th Edition"; Charles F. Lacy, RPh, PharmD, FCSHP, Lora L. Armstrong, RPh, PharmD, BCPS. et al; 2007
- Drugs Information Online: Metformin
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