Forms of massage therapy have been practiced for thousands of years by cultures the world over. In the United States, there are more than 100 modalities practiced, running the gamut from the gentle Swedish Massage to energy work and Watsu, a form of massage practiced in waist-high warm water.
Some massage techniques, if improperly applied, can cause injury and side effects. While evidence supports the many benefits of massage therapy, consideration should be given to these potential risks.
Training
Probably the greatest risk of side effects from massage therapy comes from lack of, or improper, training of the massage therapist. As of 2007 only 38 states and the District of Columbia had laws regulating massage therapy training. According to the American Massage Therapy Association (AMTA), licensure requirements run from 150 to 2,000 hours of study. This broad disparity in learning increases the risk that a poorly trained, or even untrained, therapist may provoke side effects. The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) states, "Massage therapy appears to have few serious risks if it is used appropriately and provided by a trained massage professional."
Pain and Discomfort
Some massages, such as rolfing and deep tissue massage, require the therapist to exert a great deal of pressure to the muscles and soft tissue of the client. For some, this pressure is painful. Temporary bruising, discomfort and pain can result.
Essential Oils Reactions
Essential oils are concentrated, volatile oils expressed from various parts of plants, such as the flowers or seeds. These oils are used in a variety of massages, including aromatherapy and hydrotherapy. Some clients react strongly to the fragrance and/or chemical makeup of the oils, while others experience allergic reactions. Headache and nausea are side effects that can occur after a reaction.
Heat
Massage itself can be invigorating to the client, and it is not uncommon for her to experience an increase in body temperature. Certain massages, such as hydrotherapy, which is performed in a specialized tub of hot water, can actually increase the client's body temperature. Lightheadedness, nausea and feeling of general malaise are possible side effects.
Euphoria and Well-Being
Not all potential side effects of massage are negative. In fact, more clients report a sense of euphoria and well-being after a massage than feel any discomfort. Even those experiencing a relaxing massage often feel energized and refreshed. NCCAM, a division of the National Institute of Health, reports that a single massage can reduce stress, heart rate and blood pressure, and that a series of massages can reduce anxiety, depression and pain.
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