The cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a virus that is related to the same viruses that cause chickenpox and mononucleosis. This virus spreads easily and infects many people. In most people it causes a relatively minor infection and lies dormant in the body, though it can cause more serious infections in people with weaker immune systems.
Initial Infection
As the Mayo Clinic explains, the initial infection of CMV can cause symptoms that are similar to those of mononucleosis. These include fatigue and weakness, as well as night sweats and a prolonged fever. Some patients also experience a sore throat or swollen lymph nodes. Other symptoms include weight loss, loss of appetite, and joint pain or stiffness.
Immunocompromised Symptoms
Although CMV typically lies dormant in the bodies of healthy people, when the immune system becomes weak, it can lead to serious organ damage. According to FamilyDoctor.org, in these cases the virus can damage the eyes, leading to vision problems and blindness as well as pneumonia. The virus can also attack the digestive system, leading to ulcers and diarrhea. Other complications include hepatitis and encephalitis.
Pregnancy
Although most CMV infections do not cause serious symptoms, they do pose a grave risk for pregnant women. Pregnant women who become infected with CMV for the first time run the risk of passing the virus to the fetus through the placenta. This can cause serious damage, as the baby's immune system is still developing. Although many newborns who have been infected with CMV do not show any symptoms, the infection can lead to mental retardation and hearing problems.
Spread
The Mayo Clinic notes that by the age of 40, between 50 and 80 percent of all Americans have been infected with CMV. CMV most commonly spreads when a person gets contaminated body fluids on his hands and then touches his nose or mouth. This allows the virus to spread via mucous membranes. CMV can also spread via sexual contact, breast milk and blood transfusions.
Complications
CMV rarely causes any serious illnesses, but on occasion it can cause severe complications. CMV can lead to liver dysfunction and lung problems. It can also cause a serious infection in the intestines or in the nervous system.
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