Cervical cancer is the result of cells of the cervix (located at the back of the vagina) developing genetic abnormalities that result in them growing abnormally quickly and spreading to other tissues. The purpose behind cervical cancer screening is to identify cellular changes that allow physicians to detect cervical cancer when it is in its early stages or before it fully develops.
Pap Smear
The most commonly used method for screening for cervical cancer is a Pap smear (or Pap test). This test, according to WomensHealth.gov, examines the cells of the cervix, which is the intersection of the uterus and vagina. Pap smears can identify cervical cancer and precancerous abnormalities as well as some urinary tract infections.
Procedure
Pap smears are performed as part of a pelvic exam. For a Pap smear, a doctor inserts a speculum into the vagina to gain access to the cervix. The physician can then get a sample of cervical cells by swabbing the outside and inside of the cervix. These cells can then be examined under a microscope.
Frequency
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends that women start getting Pap smears either three years after they have vaginal sex for the first time, or by the age of 21. The frequency with which women need to have Pap smears and pelvic exams done depends on a number of factors, including their age, sexual history, family history of cancer and the results of previous Pap tests. Women who have had irregularities in previous Pap smears will need to have additional Pap tests done more frequently.
Preparation
Before receiving a Pap test, women should not douche or have vaginal sex for the two days before the exam. They should also avoid using any vaginal suppositories, deodorant sprays or powders, or any form of contraception (such as foams or jellies) that require vaginal insertion. Women should also not have a Pap test done if they are menstruating or have had to use a tampon in the previous two days, as this can make interpreting the test results difficult.
Results
The results of a Pap smear are usually available within three weeks after the test. Abnormal results often do not indicate cancer and are caused by a minor abnormality of the cervix. If the Pap test comes back abnormal, the doctor will have more extensive tests done to determine the cause of the abnormal Pap smear.
