Acute renal failure is a sudden halt in kidney function. According to the Mayo Clinic, your kidney loses the ability to eliminate excess fluid and electrolytes as well as waste material from your blood. This is dangerous because a serious imbalance of fluids, electrolytes and waste accumulates in your body. Acute renal failure most commonly occurs after complicated surgical procedures, after trauma when there is massive blood loss and in those who are terminally ill.
Decreased Urine Output
A reduction in urine output is one of the first signs of acute renal failure, states the Mayo Clinic. This occurs because your injured kidneys are no longer filtering blood to make urine. This can be because there is a reduction in blood flow or there is dysfunction within the kidney itself.
Fluid Retention
Fluid retention or generalized swelling is a common initial symptom of acute renal failure, states Medline Plus. This occurs for the same reason that you may have decreased urine output: your kidneys are not filtering out excess fluid, so it accumulates in other parts of your body. The first place that you will notice swelling is in your extremities, such as your hands and feet. Then swelling can spread to your face and even your abdominal area, in more serious cases. Immediately tell your doctor if you notice swelling.
Drowsiness
Drowsiness is an early symptom of acute renal failure, according to the Mayo Clinic. You become drowsy because an imbalance in your body's electrolytes can cause you to feel sleepy. This initial symptom is a general symptom of multiple conditions and a side effect of many medications that you may be taking. Therefore, if you are feeling drowsy and are suspecting acute renal failure, look for other symptoms associated with this condition. Always let your doctor know if you suddenly experience drowsiness.
Confusion
Confusion is a symptom that usually occurs after a decrease in urine output, swelling and drowsiness. This is a sign that kidney function is continuing to worsen. Confusion occurs because there is an imbalance of electrolytes that causes your brain to function inappropriately. You should seek immediate medical treatment if you are feeling confused because your case of acute renal failure may be worsening.
