Narcissistic traits are quite common in Western societies that value individualism, self-assertion and personal success. There are, however, individuals who express a pervasive pattern of narcissistic behaviors and traits that severely interfere with relationships and, sometimes, with employment. This pattern, referred to as a narcissistic personality disorder, involves grandiosity, arrogance, manipulation and entitlement. Prognosis is poor for those who have NPD because they often do not recognize their pathological way of functioning and will leave psychotherapy if they feel shamed.
Grandiose Self-Image
Individuals with NPD often have a grandiose view of themselves that does not match reality. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders VI Text Revision (2000), they exaggerate achievements and generally believe they are unique and "special." This is in marked contrast to how they are often seen by others who often view them as self-centered and arrogant. This confident persona can easily be dashed when the individual experiences failures or relational ruptures. They can then become depressed, suicidal, impulsive, masochistic or rageful.
Manipulation
For those with NPD, relationships are not viewed as reciprocal connections. Relationships exist to serve the NPD individual's needs, maintain their self-esteem or serve as a stepping stone to accomplish the next goal. People considered lower in status are often treated with disdain or exploited. Those with NPD also generally think that they can only associate and be understood by other "special" people or institutions.
Entitlement
Individuals with NPD often expect special treatment or favors because of their uniqueness. They may have unreasonable expectations that exceptions will be made for them and that they will be granted special favors. According to the DSM-IV-TR, when reality fails to provide such regard for them, they may retreat to their fantasy life. They may daydream about unlimited power, success, money or ideal love.
References
- "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition Text Revision"; American Psychiatric Association; 2000
- "Oxford Textbook of Psychopathology"; Paul H. Blaney and Theodore Millon; 2008
