Fish oil is an excellent source of essential omega-3 fatty acids. According to the University of Maryland Medical Center (UMMC), these fatty acids help lower triglycerides, prevent accumulation of plaque in the arteries, and decrease the risk of heart attack, dangerous arrhythmia and strokes in people with cardiovascular disease. Fish oil supplements are beneficial because they provide omega-3 fatty acids, but high doses may have harmful effects.
Gastrointestinal Effects
Gastrointestinal side effects are common with fish oil supplements, according to the National Institutes of Health (NIH). People may experience a fishy aftertaste, burping, heartburn, upset stomach, and abdominal pain and bloating. Diarrhea may occur, and can be severe with very high doses. Severe diarrhea can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Taking fish oil with meals can help. Starting with a low dose and gradually increasing it also may prevent these side effects.
Abnormal Bleeding
Omega-3 fatty acids may increase the risk of abnormal bleeding, although this is only probable with high doses. High intake has been linked to nosebleeds and blood in the urine. Very high doses of fish oil may elevate the risk of hemorrhagic stroke, according to the NIH. People who bruise easily, have a bleeding disorder or use anticoagulant medications should take fish oil supplements with caution.
Low Blood Pressure
Omega-3 fatty acids can reduce blood pressure, particularly when taken in high doses. People with low blood pressure or who are taking medication to reduce their blood pressure should be cautious about using fish oil supplements. Signs of abnormally low blood pressure include dizziness, lightheadedness and fainting.
Allergic Reaction
People with allergies or who are hypersensitive to fish should not take fish oil supplements. Signs of an allergic reaction include a rash or hives, difficulty breathing, and facial or mouth swelling. An allergic reaction to fish oil calls for immediate medical attention.
Contamination
Some fish contains heavy metals, but fish oil supplements usually do not. The UMMC recommends only buying supplements from reputable manufacturers that certify their products are free of heavy metals such as cadmium, lead and mercury, as well as pesticide residue.
Vitamin Toxicity
Fish oil contains the fat-soluble vitamins A and D. Additionally, many brands have added vitamin E because long-term use of fish oil can cause a vitamin E deficiency. Any excess amount of these vitamins is stored in body fat for later use and not eliminated through urine. People who regularly take fish oil as well as vitamin supplements containing A, D and E may risk vitamin toxicity.
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