Cyclosporine, an intravenous (IV) and oral medication indicated for prevention and treatment of organ transplant rejection, is a potent drug that suppresses the immune system. Cyclosporine is also available for use as an ophthalmic (eye) drop for treatment of chronic dry eyes that results from inflammation of the eye tissues. Due to direct contact with the eye, cyclosporine has several side effects related to the eye, and since it is available in the bloodstream when taken orally or intravenously, there are associated systemic effects.
Eye Problems
Cyclosporine affects the eye by causing visual disturbances and blurring of vision. It can also cause a burning sensation at instillation and for hours afterward. Other possible adverse events include eye pain and redness of the inner eyes, as well as the whites of the eyes. Cyclosporine can also cause a watery yellowish or whitish discharge that can lead to matting of the eyelashes. Patients may feel like there is a foreign object in the eyes after instillation.
Gastrointestinal Side Effects
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and disturbances in tasting sensation are possible side effects of cyclosporine, especially the oral capsules, tablets and solutions. These symptoms usually resolve once the drug is stopped. There is also a possibility of a temporary overgrowth of the gum tissues which also resolves when the medication is discontinued.
Kidney and Liver Toxicity
Up to 38 percent of cyclosporine users experience kidney toxicity. This is temporary and reversible when the medication is discontinued. Cyclosporine can also cause liver problems, a rare and life-threatening side effect. While on therapy, liver and kidney functions are usually monitored routinely through blood draws and clinical assessments.
Heart and Lung Side Effects
Cyclosporine has a direct effect on the heart and can increase blood pressure in up to 53 percent of patients taking it. It can also cause damage to the lungs, leading to difficulty breathing. While on cyclosporine therapy, blood pressure and lung function should be observed and the physician should be notified of any changes. An anti-hypertensive medication may be indicated in persistent high blood pressure.
Blood Effects
Occasionally, cyclosporine alters the quantity of important elements in blood, such as magnesium and calcium. This can be monitored with lab work. Prescription medications can be used to correct imbalances of the elements if it occurs. Cyclosporine can also increase fat cells in the blood, thereby increasing the risk of cardiac problems.
Other Side Effects
Other possible side effects include breakdown of muscle tissues, flushing, acne, headaches, excessive hair growth and loss of consciousness. Prescription medications such as cyclosporine should always be supervised by a physician and side effects should be reported as soon as possible.
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