Kidney stones are deposits formed from crystals in the urine which grow large enough to be felt inside the urinary tract. Kidney stones can cause extreme pain as they travel trough the urinary system. The pain caused by kidney stones may necessitate emergency care by ambulance personnel. Emergency medical technicians (EMTs), depending on their level of training, can provide comfort measures and supportive care for someone experiencing a kidney store while en route to a hospital for treatment.
Fluid Administration
The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disorders (NIDDKD) recommends drinking enough water to produce two quarts of urine per day to prevent kidney stones (Reference 1). A lack of adequate hydration causes urine to become concentrated, creating a perfect environment for kidney stones to develop. Alternately, an active kidney stone can cause nausea and vomiting, as well as pain, which can make dehydration likely. EMTs at the intermediate and paramedic levels can provide fluids through an intravenous line that is placed in an arm or back of the hand to help rehydrate the body.
Pain Medication
The University of Maryland Medical Center suggests using narcotics to treat severe pain caused by kidney stones (Reference 2). Emergency medical technicians at the intermediate and paramedic levels may be able to provide morphine for pain control, depending on state laws. The EMT will first assess the patient to gauge pain, physical condition, medical history and medication allergies and make a determination to provide morphine or other pain medication, as appropriate.
Oxygen
Pain, such as with kidney stones, causes muscles to constrict, which can reduce blood flow and oxygenation throughout the body. Respirations may increase in response to pain as well or become labored, which can change the amount of quality oxygenation moving from the lungs to the blood. Emergency medical technicians at every level can provide oxygen to assist the body with better oxygenation. The EMT may place a mask over the nose and mouth to deliver concentrated oxygen or use a small nasal tube called a cannula.
