There are two kinds of signs of pregnancy: probable or sure signs. Probable signs are symptoms that could also be caused by other conditions. Sure signs, such as a fetal heartbeat, are exclusive to pregnancy. According to Susan Klein's "Book for Midwives," mothers between the ages of 18 and 35 generally have fewer birth complications. A girl who is younger than 18 is more likely to have nutritional deficiencies that could impact her pregnancy and is less likely to seek prenatal care.
Missed Period
This probable sign of pregnancy could also be a result of irregular cycles, which are common in newly menstruating girls. Low body fat as a result of vigorous exercise or anorexic eating disorders can also block menstruation or lengthen cycles. A young woman could still be pregnant if her last period was light and shorter than normal. Some women experience spotting, or light bleeding, in the first months of pregnancy. Home pregnancy tests are accurate as early as three days after a missed period. If the test is negative, wait one week and test again if probable signs are still present. A woman will rarely have a negative urine test and need to have a blood test to confirm pregnancy.
Fatigue
A girl who has missed her period and feels tired and sleepy has two probable signs of pregnancy. Klein cautions that fatigue may be a sign of anemia, along with dizziness, shortness of breath, rapid pulse and pale gums. Anemia is caused by a lack of dietary iron. Iron-rich foods include spinach, prunes, raisins, apricots, salmon, beans and lean meats.
Nausea
Morning sickness is common in early pregnancy; many women feel queasy all day. Small frequent meals, avoiding greasy foods and vitamin and mineral supplements can help. Feelings of wanting to throw up could be due to illness or the use of caffeine, tobacco or alcohol.
Frequency
A probable sign of pregnancy is the need to urinate often. This is more common during the first three months and the last three months of pregnancy. Other conditions that cause urinary frequency are diabetes and urinary tract infection.
Breast and Skin Changes
In pregnancy, the breasts become larger and more tender. The skin around the nipple darkens. A dark vertical line may appear on the mother's belly. Acne will usually clear up. Breast and skin changes may also result from non-pregnancy-related hormone fluctuations.
First Movements
As early as 15 weeks, a woman may begin to feel her baby move in the womb. The feelings have been described as "flutters" or "bubbles." These sensations could also be caused by gas. By the time pregnancy has advanced five or six months the fetus is large enough to make strong movements, which is a sure sign of pregnancy. The baby's head, neck, back, arms and legs can then be felt by a skilled person.
References
- "Family Planning Perspectives"; The Health Consequences of Teenage Fertility; Carolyn Makinson; May/June 1985
- "Book for Midwives"; Susan Klein; 1995
