Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a mental disorder triggered by changes that occur during the transition from the summer months to the winter months. The reduction in temperature and available sunlight that begins in the fall and extends throughout the winter can result in the onset of this type of depression. Symptoms of SAD subside with the arrival of spring and are usually non-existent during the summer months.
Energy
Energy levels are significantly reduced by SAD. Lethargy, fatigue and daytime sleepiness are common. Hobbies or activities may be neglected due to a lack of energy and frequent feelings of exhaustion. In serious cases, sufferers may lack the energy required to fulfill daily obligations such as going to work or school. Medical attention should be sought if absences from school or work due to SAD become excessive.
Sleeping
SAD is associated with increased sleep. Mental Health America states that the production of melatonin, a sleep-related hormone, increases in the presence of darkness. The reduced exposure to sunlight during the winter facilitates the production of melatonin. As levels of melatonin increase, the desire for sleep increases. Other sleep problems include difficulty falling asleep and difficulty sustaining sleep through the night.
Eating
Noticeable changes in eating behavior occur as a result of SAD. Sufferers of SAD have a tendency to crave foods high in carbohydrates, especially sweets. These cravings are typically satisfied by "junk" or "comfort" food such as cake, cookies, potato chips and fast food. Frequent consumption of unhealthy foods as well as overeating in general during the winter months can lead to significant weight gains.
Mood
A depressed mood during the winter months is accompanied by irritability as a result of SAD. Interpersonal relationships can be affected by feelings of sadness and apathy. Withdrawal or avoidance of social functions can also strain relationships. Sexual relationships tend to suffer as well due to a decrease in sexual desire.
Cognition
Cognitive disturbances similar to those associated with depression have been reported by sufferers of SAD. In a study by Sullivan, B.A., and Tabitha W. Payne, Ph.D, impairments in perception, attention and memory for seasonal depression were found to be similar in patients with seasonal and non-seasonal depression. The results of their findings can be found in the Nov. 2007 issue of "The American Journal of Psychiatry."
