Kava kava, or simply kava, is an herbal supplement derived from the Piper methysticum plant. Kava supplements are often marketed to treat anxiety, while kava tea has been enjoyed in the Pacific Islands for centuries as a social intoxicant similar to alcohol. Despite its natural origin, kava has the potential to cause adverse health effects. Understanding the risk factors involved in using kava can help prevent adverse health effects.
Liver Function
Liver damage is among the most troubling effects associated with kava supplements. According to Science Daily, kavain---one of the active compounds in kava---can cause changes in liver structure, such as blood vessel narrowing and constriction.
Kava has also been linked to 25 cases of liver-related health problems in European consumers, some of which included cirrhosis and hepatitis, according to the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. However, more research is needed to determine whether these effects were caused by kava alone or if other factors---such as underlying medical conditions or supplement contamination---played a role.
Other substances with potentially hepatotoxic properties, such as acetaminophen or alcohol, may increase the risks for liver damage in people taking kava. Those who use kava regularly for longer than three months should undergo periodic medical exams to monitor liver function. People with chronic liver or kidney disease should avoid using kava due to the poorly understood risk for liver damage associated with the herb.
Sedation
High doses of kava can cause intoxication similar to that caused by alcohol, followed by periods of sedation. While it may be desirable in patients with insomnia, sedation can be dangerous when driving a car or performing other potentially dangerous tasks. In addition, the drowsiness and cognitive slowing caused by kava may last up to 12 hours after initial ingestion, making it difficult to concentrate and carry out everyday activities.
Drug Interactions
Because it has sedating properties, kava can cause dangerous interactions when taken with other depressant herbs and medications. Alcohol, opioids, benzodiazepines and sleep aids can magnify the effects of kava by further slowing respiration and heart rate, which may result in cardiac arrest.
Other herbs with sedating properties such as valerian or passionflower may also interact negatively with kava. Kava may decrease the effectiveness of levodopa, a drug commonly prescribed for Parkinson's disease.
Mental Health
While kava does not cause mental disorders, it may trigger a worsening of symptoms in patients with underlying conditions like depression. Kava increases levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the neurotransmitter affected by depressants such as alcohol. Like alcohol, kava can cause unpredictable dysphoric effects like agitation and low mood. According to Drug Information Online, people with depression should not use kava due to an increased risk for adverse psychological effects.
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