Vitamin D has many important functions in the body. The two major forms, vitamin D2 and D3, are found naturally in certain fish and eggs, and also in fortified foods such as milk, yogurt, oil spreads and bread products. It can also be synthesized through skin exposure to the sun. The body then converts the vitamin D to calcitriol, which is the active form in the body. The main function of calcitriol is to regulate calcium in the body through calcium absorption and bone health.
Rickets
Rickets is the main concern for children with a critical vitamin D deficiency. Children who are not exposed to sunlight and whose diet consists of no vitamin D are at risk for this disease. Growth is hindered, and bones can be deformed due to a lack of calcium caused by low vitamin D. Other symptoms include increased fractures, muscle cramps, pain and short stature. Outbreaks of rickets are now rare due to the fortification of foods. It is still common in poorer countries where fortified foods are not widely distributed.
Osteomalacia
Adults who are deficient in vitamin D may develop osteomalacia, a disorder in which the bones become thinner over time, causing fragile bones. Pain, muscle cramps, increased fractures and deformities may occur. Low calcium due to a lack of vitamin D can cause osteomalacia.
Risk Factors
Living in a colder climate where sun exposure is limited is considered a risk factor for vitamin D deficiency. Those with dark skin are also at risk, as the production of vitamin D in the skin is lower. However, African-Americans have a greater bone mass, which may reduce their risk for a deficiency. Some research is also being done on a genetic predisposition for developing a vitamin D deficiency. Lactose intolerance is another risk factor, as people with this condition are less likely to drink fortified milk products.
Long-Term Concerns
The Journal of the American Medical Association reports a link between vitamin D deficiency and multiple sclerosis. Research is also being conducted on a higher risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease with vitamin D deficiency due to the vitamin's positive immune system effects. The main long-term concern is osteoporosis, which is characterized by a lower-than-normal bone mass. This will cause weakened bones and more fractures and problems overall.
Prevention
Preventing a critical vitamin D deficiency is fairly simple. Providing a diet high in vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus is key. Also, getting approximately 10 minutes of sunlight on the hands and face will aid in the production of the vitamin in the skin.
Vitamin D and Calcium
Vitamin D is essential for the body to absorb calcium. If bones are weak, calcium is needed to restore them. Without vitamin D, calcium is not able to do its job. This is why most foods high in calcium, such as milk and yogurt, have been fortified with vitamin D.
Breastfeeding
Children who are predominately breast fed may develop a vitamin D deficiency as the vitamin is not transmitted in breast milk. Children born in colder climates or in the winter are susceptible as sunlight exposure is extremely rare. Women who are breastfeeding and not supplementing with vitamin D should talk to their doctor about the possibility of a deficiency.
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