Introduction
Viral meningitis is an infection of the spinal fluid and surrounding tissues that is caused by enteroviruses, the cytomegalovirus, herpes virus or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Symptoms include fever, headache, stiff neck, confusion and nausea. Viral meningitis is typically distinguished from bacterial meningitis by how long symptoms persist; bacterial presents with a day-long history of symptoms whereas viral appears and worsens over the course of several days to a week. A lumbar puncture, when spinal fluid is drawn and analyzed, provides a definitive diagnosis.
Enterovirus Infection
More than 50 percent of viral meningitis cases are caused by enteroviruses, according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Good hand-washing technique is imperative as these viruses are found in fecal matter. Enteroviruses are most commonly transmitted between children prior to toilet training and their caregivers, or anytime hands are not thoroughly washed after using the bathroom. The CDC recommends rigorously scrubbing between fingers and underneath nails for 20 seconds, followed by a rinse with warm water. Enteroviruses can also be spread through saliva. If you suspect you have viral meningitis, limit contact with others and refrain from sharing food and personal grooming items.
Other Causes of Viral Meningitis
The Louisiana Office of Public Health identified the parainfluenza virus as a less common cause of viral meningitis. The most common strain of parainfluenza virus is also responsible for causing the mumps. Children and adults who have not been immunized against the mumps are at risk for developing parainfluenza meningitis. Typically, this airborne virus is spread by respiratory droplets deposited after coughing and sneezing.
Meningitis caused by HIV is acquired through direct contact with infected bodily fluids such as semen, vaginal secretions, blood or breast milk.
