Hookworms are small worms that take an incredible journey through the human body. The larvae often enter by being stepped on with a bare foot. They burrow into the foot and enter the bloodstream. The larvae stay in the blood, until they get to the lungs, where they leave the bloodstream, crawl up the lung, bronchus and throat, until they are swallowed. Once swallowed, the larvae pass through the stomach and into the small intestine. They attach to the intestinal wall, causing a small amount of bleeding. They mature in the bowel and lay eggs that are released in stool. Often, there are no symptoms of a hookworm infestation.
Foot Rash
An early sign of a hookworm infestation is a red, itchy rash on the bottom of the foot. This may last for several days at the location the larva enters the body before heading to the bloodstream.
Lung Inflammation
Once the hookworm larva travels to the lung, it can cause inflammation that may be noticeable as a cough, wheezing blood-tinged sputum. The American Academy of Pediatrics explains that, at this stage, a fever may be present.
Gastrointestinal Problems
When the hookworm arrives in the intestine, gastrointestinal problems may become apparent. The sufferer may complain of nausea and vomit occasionally. Abdominal pain and cramping may lead to a loss of appetite. Some individuals will have mild diarrhea, intestinal gas and blood in the stool. If untreated, weight loss and nutritional deficiencies may eventually follow. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention explains that long-term, heavy infestations may damage the growth of a child and lead to mental impairment.
Anemia
The hookworm attaches to the intestine with hooks, causing a small amount of bleeding. Over time, a heavy infestation can lead to anemia. Signs of anemia include excessive tiredness, pale skin, cold feet and a fast heartbeat.
Symptoms of Oral Infestation
Occasionally, someone will ingest a hookworm larva through the mouth. If this occurs, the hookworm goes down the throat, through the stomach and into the small intestine. Symptoms associated with this entry route include nausea and vomiting at the time the larva is swallowed. Some people will develop a temporary hoarseness to the voice.
