Colitis is defined by the University of Maryland Medical Center as the swelling of the colon, part of the large intestine. While it can be caused by a number of factors, from a bacterial infection to lack of blood flow to the bowel, the symptoms usually always involve diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating and bloody stools. There are seven classifications, or types, of colitis.
Ulcerative Colitis
The University of Iowa reports that of all the types, ulcerative colitis is the most serious. In this type, ulcers and sores are on the lining of the colon, usually in the lower part and the rectum. The cause is unknown, and there is no known cure, although some people relieve their symptoms with medication or a change in diet.
Ischemic Colitis
Ischemic colitis has a known cause, as it comes on suddenly when there is a reduction in the amount of blood that flows to the colon. According to the University of Maryland Medical Center, ischemic colitis tends to develop in older adults (often over 50), and in those who suffer from other medical conditions, such as diabetes or heart disease. Damage to the artery that feeds blood to the colon, as well as previous radiation treatments, are also listed as risk factors.
Pseudomembranous Colitis
Pseudomembranous colitis is caused by a bacteria called "clostridium difficile." While this is a natural bacteria that inhabits the intestines, the National Institutes of Health states that when there is an overgrowth, it infects the large intestine and releases a toxin that causes fever, abdominal cramps and bloody diarrhea. Overgrowth of the bacteria is often caused by antibiotic use.
CMV Colitis
CMV colitis, also known as CMV gastroenteritis, is caused by an infection of the cytomegalovirus. According to the National Institutes of Health, CMV is related to the herpes virus, and infection by it is quite common. When the infection takes place, it causes swelling of the intestines and colon, and possibly ulcers. Symptoms of the infection are diarrhea, abdominal distress, weight loss and fever.
Crohn's Disease
Crohn's disease causes inflammation within the tract of the gastrointestinal system. This chronic inflammation causes colitis symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea and extreme fatigue.
Cryptosporidium Enteritis
Cryptosporidium enteritis is caused by the parasite of the same name. This parasite infects the small intestine, and according to the University of Maryland Medical Center, the main symptom is diarrhea. Chronic diarrhea can lead to malnutrition and a loss of body muscle.
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Necrotizing enterocolitis often occurs in sick infants. The National Institutes of Health reports that it is caused when the tissues within the intestines die off, and it is thought to be caused by insufficient blood flow to the bowels. Signs of necrotizing enterocolitis are vomiting and diarrhea, abdominal distention, lethargy and refusal to eat.
