Estrogen is a type of steroid hormone secreted by the ovaries or testes. Estrogen has a chemical structure synthesized from cholesterol, and it circulates throughout the body to signal to various tissues. Cells respond to estrogen if they contain a protein called an estrogen receptor, which binds circulating estrogen and stimulates a response within the cell. Estrogen levels are tightly regulated in both men and women, and increased estrogen can lead to development of a number of symptoms.
Fluid Retention
One possible symptom of increased estrogen is fluid retention, reports Go Ask Alice, a site run by Columbia University. Estrogen helps regulate salt levels within the body, which in turn affect water metabolism. Specifically, estrogen increases sodium in the body. Fluid retention causes puffiness, especially in the hands, feet and face. In more severe cases, the fluid retention can lead to some joint stiffness or pain. Patients experiencing unexplained fluid retention, even after reducing dietary sodium intake, should seek medical attention to address the possibility of hormone imbalance.
Irregular Menstruation
A common symptom of increased estrogen in women is the development of irregular periods. Estrogen levels follow predictable patterns during a normal menstrual cycle. Estrogen levels increase as the egg within the ovary matures, and drops again right before ovulation. Following the estrogen drop, progesterone levels increase corresponding to a thickening in uterine lining. If a patient has increased levels of estrogen due to hormonal imbalance or disease, estrogen levels remain high, the normal cycling of hormones during menstruation is disrupted, leading to irregular periods. McKinley Health Center recommends the use of hormone-based therapies, such as birth control pills, to properly regulate the levels of estrogen and progesterone and restore regular menstruation.
Breast Tenderness and Pain
Another symptom of increased estrogen is breast pain and swelling. Breast cells contain the estrogen receptor, and they respond to circulating estrogen by proliferating. Under normal conditions, cycling levels of estrogen allow for small bursts of breast growth in preparation for the possibility of upcoming pregnancy. Temporary increases in estrogen levels can lead to breast pain, reports NetWellness, a site associated with the University of Cincinnati. Often, this pain can be managed with over-the-counter pain medications, though patients with unexplained or prolonged breast growth and pain should discuss their condition with their doctors.
