The impact of diet on autism has been closely studied by researchers over the past few decades. In particular, numerous studies have focused on the benefits of a gluten-free diet on autism. Although the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke says certain dietary changes may be helpful for some children with autism, research findings on the impact of a gluten-free diet on autism have been mixed.
About Autism and Behavior
Autism is the term used to refer the most severe form of autistic spectrum disorders, neurodevelopment disorders that include Asperger sydrome and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. The condition is diagnosed in childhood and is characterized by social, behavioral and communication impairments. Typically, a child with autism demonstrates little interest in social interaction, evidenced by a lack of eye contact, little or no ability to feel empathy or withdrawing from interactions with others. Autistic children may demonstrate repetitive movements, such as rocking, head-banging or self-stimulating behaviors such as hand movements. Additionally, autistic children tend to be picky eaters, which may make it difficult to implement certain dietary changes, according to Festus E. Obiakor, Jeffrey P. Bakken and Anthony F. Rotatori in their book "Current Issues and Trends in Special Education."
The " Leaky Gut" Theory of Autism
Children who display sensitivity to gluten may also demonstrate autistic symptoms. The "gut" theory of autism posits that some children with autism have certain food allergies and gastrointestinal problems, exacerbating their autistic behaviors, according to speech language pathologist Diane E. Yapko in her book, "Understanding Autism Spectrum Disorders." The theory suggests that autistic children are unable to properly digest gluten and another protein known as casein, commonly found in dairy products. The impact of gluten on behavior has been widely debated. Some proponents of the theory think autistic children metabolize gluten into opiate-like molecules, inducing a sort of "high" that increases autistic symptoms such as head-banging and self-involved behaviors.
Research Findings
In a 2010 interview with CBS News, autism expert Dr. Susan Hyman, who presented the results of her study on gluten-free diets and autism at the 2010 International Meeting for Autism Research, says that a gluten-free diet does not have a significant impact on autism symptoms, although it may be beneficial for children with gastrointestinal problems. Other research studies have found that a gluten-free diet has a beneficial impact on autistic behaviors. In a 1999 study that Paul Whitely and fellow researchers published in the journal, "Autism," some study participants showed several behavioral improvements while following a gluten-free diet, such as improvements in communication, attention, physical coordination, overall disposition and sleep.
Considerations
The National Institute on Neurological Disorders says that while dietary interventions may be helpful to some children with autism, caution should be used to ensure that recommended nutrient intakes are being met. A 2002 study by Elizabeth Cornish, published in the "Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics," on the effects of a gluten-free, casein-free diets on autism and nutritional intake, showed that children following this diet may have a reduced intake of calcium and zinc.
References
- "CBS News"; Gluten-Free, Casien-Free Diet No Remedy for Autism; Dan Childs, Lara Salahi and Pamela Mazzeo, MD; May 19, 2010
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke: Autism Fact Sheet
- "Understanding Autism Spectrum Disorders"; Diane E. Yapko; 2003
- "Autism"; A Gluten-free Diet as an Intervention for Autism and Associated Spectrum Disorders: Preliminary Findings; Paul Whiteley et al; 1999
- "Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics"; Gluten and Casein Free Diets in Autism: A Study of the Effects on Food Choice and Nutrition; Elizabeth Cornish; 2002
- "Current Issues and Trends in Special Education"; Festus E. Obiakor, Jeffrey P. Bakken and Anthony F. Rotatori; 2009
