The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system and are surrounded by a system of membranes called meninges and a fluid called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The meninges and CSF are designed for protection and nourishment of the central nervous system. When the meninges or cerebrospinal fluid becomes inflamed due to infection, it is referred to as meningitis. According to Mayo Clinic, the swelling associated with meningitis often causes typical symptoms of a headache, fever and stiff neck. Meningitis can be caused by many different things, but most often by a virus or bacteria. It is critical to determine the cause so that appropriate treatment can be delivered. Some cases of meningitis are minor and resolve quickly, but others can be deadly.
Viral
Viral meningitis, also referred to as aseptic meningitis, is the most common form, according to the CDC, and is serious, but rarely fatal in those with a healthy immune system. The Meningitis Foundation of America reports that enteroviruses are the most common cause of viral meningitis and our exposure to these viruses is high; however, less than 1 in 1000 infections lead to the development of meningitis. Symptoms of viral meningitis can include irritability, fever, headache, sensitivity to light, nausea or vomiting, and a stiff neck. There is no direct treatment for viral meningitis, but most patients recover within a couple of weeks with bed rest.
Bacterial
Bacterial forms of meningitis are more serious than aseptic meningitis and can be particularly severe for infants and the elderly. According to the Illinois State Department of Health, before the widespread use of antibiotics, bacterial meningitis was fatal in about 70 percent of cases. Currently, with the use of antibiotics, 15 percent are fatal. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to provide the best opportunity for antibiotics to work. Some forms of bacterial meningitis are contagious and can be transmitted by coughing and sneezing. Some of the common forms of bacterial meningitis are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Listeria monocytogenes.
Fungal
According to the Mayo Clinic, fungal infection leading to meningitis is relatively uncommon, but those with compromised immune systems, such as AIDS patients, are susceptible to life-threatening fungal infections. There are antifungal medications that can treat this form of meningitis.
Parasitic
Parasites found in contaminated food, water or soil can cause a severe and deadly form of meningitis, but this is very rare and usually only occurs in underdeveloped countries.
Other
The Neurology Channel reports that there are noninfectious causes of meningitis as well, that may develop as a complication of other illnesses such as lupus, tuberculosis or syphilis. Meningitis can also occur from drug allergies and some types of cancer.
