The body relies on proper nutrition to function. People stop eating for various reasons, such as loss of appetite from disease or medication, an attempt to lose weight or an eating disorder. Without food, the body will deteriorate and eventually shut down.
Weight Loss
The body needs a certain number of calories each day. Calories are a measurement of energy. When the calories the body needs exceed the calories being consumed, weight loss occurs. Not eating for an extended period of time causes extreme and unhealthy weight loss. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a body mass index below 18.5 is considered underweight. Being underweight poses health risks associated with a weakened immune system. Amenorrhea, or absence of menstruation can occur in underweight women. According to MayoClinic.com, excessively low body weight interrupts many hormonal functions in the body, potentially halting ovulation. Women who have an eating disorder, such as anorexia or bulimia, often stop having periods because of these abnormal hormonal changes.
Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, occurs when glucose levels in the body decrease. Foods like pasta, fruit and rice contain the most glucose. The body stores glucose in the liver. Not eating causes the body to deplete these stores from the liver, resulting in hypoglycemia. Dizziness, headaches and fainting are all symptoms of hypoglycemia.
VItamin Deficiencies
Vitamins, absorbed from food prevent disease, support growth and development, and support organ function. Vitamin deficiencies are a dangerous side effect of not eating. Vitamin A, found in spinach, carrots and milk supports the immune system and vision. Without a sufficient intake of vitamin A, the body's immune system will weaken. According to the National Institutes of Health, night blindness is one of the first signs of a vitamin A deficiency. The B vitamins play an integral role in numerous bodily functions. According to the American Cancer Society, deficiency of certain B vitamins can cause anemia, depression, respiratory infections, and poor growth in children. Calcium and phosphorous levels are regulated by vitamin D, and deficiencies may contribute to osteoporosis and high blood pressure.
Electrolyte Deficiencies
Electrolytes deplete as the body starves. Hypokalemia, or low potassium, can cause heart dysrhythmias and muscle spasms. A lack of calcium can also cause heart problems and tingling on the face and extremities. Bone mass will eventually decrease. Confusion and muscles weakness are common symptoms of hyponatremia, or low sodium. All electrolyte deficiencies can be life threatening if left untreated.
