Thrombocytopenia occurs when platelet levels are low. Platelets help form blood clots to control bleeding, according to the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. Without enough platelets, the body can bleed uncontrollably. Thrombocytopenia can be genetic, but many conditions such as cancer, anemia, autoimmune diseases, viruses, toxins, medications and alcohol can cause it. In mild cases, there are no symptoms, but in acute cases, thrombocytopenia can be fatal. Severe thrombocytopenia is an emergency and should be treated right away.
Skin Bleeding
The first symptom of thrombocytopenia is usually bleeding on the skin, according to the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. This may look like a rash of tiny red or purple spots, called petechiae, that often appears on the lower legs. A patient may also start bruising unusually easily or often, forming big red, purple or brown bruises called purpura. It may be difficult to stop bleeding even from minor cuts.
Unusual Bleeding
Thrombocytopenia can cause bleeding anywhere in the body and can lead to a range of unusually bleeding, according to the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. Nosebleeds or bleeding from the gums can be a symptom. Blood may ooze out of the mouth or nose. Women may have extremely heavy periods. Excess bleeding after surgery or dental work can also be a warning sign. Sometimes in babies, thrombocytopenia causes jaundice because of the buildup of a chemical produced by red blood cells damaged by excessive bleeding, according to Children's Hospital Boston.
Dangerous Symptoms
Bleeding into the brain or intestines is the most serious symptom and can be fatal, according to the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. Emergency care should be sought if these symptoms are present. Bleeding into the intestines can cause bleeding from the rectum and into the urine. It can also show up in the stool, which can look red and bloody but may also appear black and tarry. Sometimes people with thrombocytopenia vomit blood as well. Bleeding into the brain may cause unusual headaches or other neurological symptoms.
