Glucosamine sulfate is one member of a family of molecules called glycosaminoglycans. It occurs naturally in healthy cartilage and synovial fluid, the slippery liquid that lubricates joints. Recent studies, noted in 2010 by MayoClinic.com, demonstrate that glucosamine sulfate supplements can be helpful for patients with osteoarthritis, but might not benefit patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Benefits
Glucosamine sulfate can help patients with osteoarthritis, the most common form of arthritis, in which joints degrade over time, notes MayoClinic.com. The benefits of glucosamine sulfate are especially pronounced in the knee joints. Many doctors recommend a combination of glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin, another important component of cartilage. Combination therapy does not cure arthritis, but it can significantly improve joint function and reduce the patient's reliance on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Evidence
Based on clinical studies, MayoClinic.com has rated the effectiveness of glucosamine sulfate for various conditions with a grading system. For the treatment of mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis, glucosamine sulfate received a grade of "A." In the treatment of general osteoarthritis, it received a "B" grade. For the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, a "C" grade was given, indicating that it remains unclear, but clinical trials did show some evidence that the formulation eased symptoms of pain and swelling in the affected joints. However, glucosamine sulfate does not exert antirheumatic effects.
Action
Glucosamine sulfate helps to relieve joint pain, possibly by acting as an anti-inflammatory agent. It also helps to increase the mobility of arthritic joints. According to the Merck Manuals Online Medical Library, it is not clear how glucosamine sulfate works, but it might increase the production of lubricating joint molecules called glycosaminoglycans.
Dosage
Most studies of glucosamine sulfate used 500 mg tablets or capsules three times a day for 30 to 90 days, notes MayoClinic.com. Some studies used 1500 mg once a day. In these dosages, glucosamine is generally well-tolerated with few side effects. Glucosamine sulfate also comes in a topical form with chondroitin, but it is not clear if this formulation is safe or effective for osteoarthritis.
Side Effects
Glucosamine sulfate can cause an allergic reaction, especially in people who are hypersensitive to shellfish or iodine. Other side effects are minor, including changes in the fingernails, headache, upset stomach, increased sensitivity to the sun, and insomnia.
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