Creatine is a natural amino acid that can be produced in the body by the liver, pancreas and kidney. It is converted to creatine phosphate and stored in the muscles for energy. When needed, creatine is converted to adenosine triphosphate, ATP, which is the main form of energy in the body. Creatine is found in foods such as meat and fish as well as a supplement. Under the Dietary Supplement Heath and Education Act of 1994, a supplement is defined as "a product taken by mouth that contains a dietary ingredient intended to supplement the diet." The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, more commonly known as the FDA, places dietary supplements under the general category of food and requires every supplement be labeled as a dietary supplement.
Creatine as a Supplement
Creatine supplements are common among athletes and bodybuilders. The supplement is believed to increase lean muscle mass, improve strength and increase athletic performance during short-duration exercises. According to the University of Maryland Medical Center, research results are mixed on the effectiveness of creatine on athletic performance, and studies show not all individuals react the same to the supplement. Creatine has also been used in the treatment of Parkinson's, heart disease, muscular dystrophy and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder. Further research is needed to determine the overall effectiveness of creatine for these conditions.
Side Effects of Creatine
Creatine is likely safe when taken at the recommended dosages. Side effects include muscle cramps, weight gain, muscle strains and pulls, diarrhea, dizziness and upset stomach. When taken in excess, cardiovascular conditions, liver dysfunction and kidney disease may occur.
Regulations by the FDA
Under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, the dietary supplement manufacturer is responsible for ensuring that a product is safe before it is marketed. The supplement manufacturer generally does not need to get approval from the FDA prior to marketing a product; however, they must provide truthful information on the label. The FDA's responsibilities regarding supplements are to monitor the product information, the safety of the product once it has been released, and take action against unsafe supplements.
Considerations
Creatine has possible contraindications with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen and naproxen, caffeine, diuretics, cimetidine and probenecid. If you have kidney disease or diabetes, do not take creatine. Due to the potential side effects and the negative interactions with other medications, consult your healthcare provider prior to starting creatine.
