Colon cancer involves a common type of malignancy that contributes to thousands of cancer-related deaths every year in the U.S. Colon cancer begins in the colon, the part of the large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum, and can spread to the nearby lymph nodes. In general, surgery provides the most curative option for colon cancer if the disease is diagnosed at an early stage. Colon surgery is considered safe and effective, though some risks and complications do exist, says MedlinePlus.
Blood Clots
Patients undergoing colon surgery often face blood clotting in the legs. Clots usually form a few days after surgery and contribute to leg swelling. These blood clots can break loose to form emboli, which circulate in the blood. When the emboli travel into the lungs, patients experience chest pain and shortness of breath or wheezing caused by pulmonary embolism, notes MedlinePlus. Patients are encouraged to get out of the bed soon after the surgery to avoid this particularly severe complication.
Bowel Leak
Anastomotic leak is the major technical complication associated with colon surgery. It occurs when colon anastomosis, or end-to-end reattachment of the cut ends of the colon, does not heal properly. As a consequence, the stools can leak into the abdominal area, which increases the chance of picking up infections. If the condition persists, the colon needs a second operation to flush out the infection and reconstruct the continuity of the colon tract, the journal "Annals of Surgery" noted.
Internal Bleeding and Bowel Obstruction
Other potential complications of colon surgery include bleeding inside the belly and small bowel obstruction. Colon surgery contributes to the formation of scar tissue, which is composed chiefly of fibroblasts or connective-tissue cells. When a loop of bowel becomes entrapped by scar tissue, it causes an obstruction in the colon, says MedlinePlus. In general, a post-surgical wound infection poses a minor risk; however, deep and serious infections may only respond to long-term use of stronger antibiotics or surgical treatment.
