Heartburn, also known as acid reflux, is a condition that affects many people and can be brought on by spicy or acidic foods, as well as caffeine, tobacco and peppermint. Large meals and reclining after eating can also lead to acid reflux. Aside from being uncomfortable, acid reflux can increase the risk of developing cancer of the esophagus.
Acid Reflux
Acid reflux is caused by the contents of the stomach escaping from the stomach and traveling (refluxing) up to the esophagus. Because the stomach produces powerful gastric acid, this can lead to a chemical burn occurring in the esophagus, as the lining of the esophagus is not equipped to withstand these acidic contents.
Barrett's Esophagus
According to the American Cancer Society, Barrett's esophagus is a precancerous condition that is caused by frequent acid reflux, which leads to esophageal damage. The longer a person has acid reflux, the more likely the person is to develop Barrett's esophagus. The National Heart Burn Alliance notes that approximately 10 percent of all people who have frequent heartburn develop this condition. Barrett's esophagus increases a person's chance of developing cancer of the esophagus.
Cellular Changes of Barrett's
Barrett's esophagus is marked by changes in the kinds of cells that line the esophagus. Normally the esophagus is lined with a type of flat and wide cell called a squamous cell. Frequent acid burns cause these squamous cells to be replaced with glandular cells, which are thicker and better able to withstand the effects of the acid.
Barrett's and Cancer
Barrett's esophagus is a major risk factor for esophageal cancer because it is a sign that the cells in the esophagus are beginning to change as a result of acid damage. Over time, the glandular cells in the esophagus continue to mutate into another condition, known as dysplasia. Dysplasia is the result of the cells becoming abnormal, which can lead to cancer.
Endoscopy
Endoscopy is a technique that is commonly used to diagnose esophageal cancer and other precancerous conditions. Endoscopy involves the passage of a small flexible camera through the mouth and down the esophagus to visualize the esophageal lining and look for any tumors or other lesions. In some cases, a tissue sample can be obtained to look at the cells under a microscope.
